No Matter If You re Reading - 884 Words

No matter if you’re reading a series of novels or a one paragraph story, a story isn’t able to be story without the elements of style, tone, and point of view. These elements are crucial for a story to be legitimate. Sometimes the elements can be effortlessly found and other times the story requires its audience to analyze the story in a much deeper sense. The short stories; Boys by Rick Moody, Girl by Jamaica Kinkaid, and Lust by Susan Minot all compose these elements, some of the elements from the story are shown in a corresponding way and some in a uniquely exclusive way. The first line reads â€Å"Boys enter the house† the last reads â€Å"Boys No longer Boys, exit†. â€Å"Boys† by Rick Moody follows the process of two infant boys maturing into men. By reading this story the audience is able to visually see every experience, every action, and every emotion the boys go through. The Narrator of â€Å"Boys† is someone who has been with the b oys throughout their entire lives; the story is being told from the mother’s point of view. The style Moody uses to write the story is a continuous train of thoughts; the story is narrated thoughts step by step, one after another, all packed into one large paragraph. The word â€Å"Boys† is repetitive throughout the story; it’s used at the beginning of almost every line. The Tone is ever changing; In the beginning everything is in a happy and perfect place, but as the boys grow older their faced with trouble and problems each one having an impact onShow MoreRelatedHow Professional Athletes Are Above The Average?1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthe average because of how much they make from whatever sport they play but the questions I want to ask you is what happens when you are no longer in the Spotlight when you go from all time high to all time low or from super bowl starting quarterback to nfl benchwarmer would you start a desperate movement to get back in the Sp otlight,would you do or say what you could to become #1 again ,would you disrespect a nation and hide behind a movement that started because they legitimately wanted to make aRead MoreA Short Note On Pregnancy Related Back Pain Finally Been873 Words   |  4 PagesDelivered? If you know a pregnant woman, you know a woman with back pain. 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E-ink screen gives an expirence of reading that doenst involves flashes inbetween pages transitions, and provides pinch-to-zoomRead MoreArticle Report On Web Article Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagespower. It s easy to tell when you don t have it. You re bored, sleepy, uninterested, dull. Everything around you is dark. On the opposite side of the scale, think of the people who were so obsessed with their goal that they forgot to eat, they forgot that day turned into night, so focused on their object of their focus that everything else became irrelevant. Those mundane days when everything seems dull will surely creep on us. It s how we respond that matters. mundane will surely come uponRead MoreQuality Matters Related Issues And Course Design768 Words   |  4 PagesENV 1053 and ENV 1073 Quality Matters related issues/course design: There are no major issues related to Quality Matters; I will touch upon a few of the design issues that came up during the review. One of the really good things about these courses is in the incorporation of case studies. Each week or chapter features a case study that s taken right from the course textbook. I ve advocated in other courses for the use of case studies and I think this course serves as a starting point to incorporateRead MoreJournal Entry : Summary And Articles1402 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically we have learned from the chapters. Summarizing is used throughout your career and in every aspect of your life while you read anything. People summarize topics and articles all the time. In my opinion, I feel reading a summery is easily and faster than reading an entire book article. You can get a good and core understand of any topic quickly just by reading a summary. People also usually summarize everything; not only is summaries used in books but it is also used in movies and showsRead MoreWriting And Writing Of Writing952 Words   |  4 Pageswriting process I was taught in high school which was: Invention, Draft and Revision, then Proof Reading and Editing. I also know how to incorporate words into sentences, and utilize sentences to form paragraphs. What are my assumptions about writing? Concerning a personal writing, nothing. Good, bad, awful, mediocre; writing is about self-expression. If it makes sense to the author, then nothing else matters. I mean, it is a personal writing; the author can do whatever he or she wants to do with itRead MoreWhy I Want For Professional Guidance909 Words   |  4 Pagesbaffled by what one you ought to get. A way to avoid any confusion is usually to visit some of the popular mortgage sites to find the latest info out there. If you want to get the very best price on your own mortgage it s essential that you spend the time to know mortgages as well as the requirements that will assist you reap the benefits of them. Even in today s climate, there are plenty of folks looking to obtain mortgages. With any hope, each will comprehend what they re getting into alongRead MoreI m Just Not A Math Person844 Words   |  4 PagesThe first idea, â€Å"I’m just not a math person, thinking this make you think you re not capable of doing math. The negative pushes you thinking and your brain creates that idea of you re not a math person. As example share in the article about Terence Tao, who is really good at math, but he s good at because he has â€Å" hard work, preparation, and self-confidence† which everyone born with. It all about teach your self discipline about what your capable of doing. As of that are â€Å"people’s belief thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play 12 Angry Men By Reginald Rose1082 Words   |  5 Pagesbackground, on their style, or on their religion, instead we need to focus on what matters most, what’s on the inside. Literature both teaches and encourages u s to question the issue of prejudice in today’s society. Can you honestly say you ve never judged a book by its cover? I m sure that we have all picked a book up, looked at its cover and then put it down because it ‘looks’ unappealing. You may not know it, but you do this to people too. Every day we make up profiles of people we don t even know

Science Literacy The Foundation Of Modern Humans

Science, it is the foundation of modern humans. It is what allowed man to build pyramids, create tools, split atoms, and discover the universe. Without it, humans would still be living in caves. One would think that in today’s advanced society, built by science, we should be primarily focused on promoting the sciences. In our country, science and science literacy are being attacked by many different angles. There are opponents that are constricting the very foundation of what this country was built on. Lack of science literacy can be caused by several factors including the influence of religion, school curriculum, and more importantly the policies created by the government. If we want to avoid economic, social, and natural disasters, then we must change our views and policies to increase the number of science literate citizens which will advance the sciences. First, we must define what it means to be science literate. The definition of science literacy according to literacynet .org is: â€Å"The knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making, participation in civic and cultural affairs, and economic productivity. It also includes specific types of abilities.† According to Neil DeGrasse Tyson, a promoter of science literacy, his view is, Part of what it is to be scientifically-literate, it s not simply, Do you know what DNA is? Or what the Big Bang is? That s an aspect of science literacy. The biggest part of it is doShow MoreRelatedscientific literacy Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesScientific literacy Introduction and audience When talk about science, perhaps majority of us think it is less relative with real life. However, as society developed, science encompassed us everywhere. This situation forces everyone to acquire the ability to learn and understand science. Some may think that, scientific literacy is what a scientist should have and nothing about normal people, however it is just too narrow. Look around the surroundings of us, everything is conned with science. AlsoRead MoreThe Importance Of Literacies On Entrepreneurial Endeavors1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Literacies in Entrepreneurial Endeavors The things that are routine or familiar in life seem to get overlooked, regardless of how amazing they are. Think about the human eye. Is it not amazing how light, matter, and the complexity of the human eye all work in harmony to give sight so that the world can be observed? 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In this view, the lay desire for textual access enabled the acceptance of Luther’s emphasis on the return to scripture, and furthermore prepared early modern Europe for the new technology: ‘The steady rising demand for texts in the late Middle Ages set the stage for the invention of printing’. Indeed, the process of introducing the vernacular Bible had begun before the invention, Cottret uses this evidenceRead MoreCultural Literacy According to E.D. Hirsch958 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Literacy According to E.D. Hirsch According to E.D. Hirsch, to be culturally literate is to possess the basic information to thrive in the modern world. It is the grasp on the background information that writers and speakers assume their audience already has. In his book, Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know, Hirsch sets forth 5,000 essential words and phrases of which each person should be knowledgeable. The list ranges from idioms to mythology, from science to fairyRead MoreHistorically Speaking, What are the Liberal Arts?1391 Words   |  6 Pagesof ancient Greece. It originates in response to certain questions born from human nature, and queried by the unique philosophy born in Grecian culture: What is â€Å"being?† What is â€Å"wisdom?† What is â€Å"virtue?† What is â€Å"good?† This pioneering search for truth accessible to reason about the whole world led necessarily to the search for truth about the place of humanity within this world. This unprecedented venture of the human mind, today associated above all with the likes of Epicurus, Socrates, EuclidRead MoreHow Linguistic Ethnographers Blommaert And. Borba Conceptualize Ethnographic Research?867 Words   |  4 Pagesof Habitus and Voice. The Translator # 11 (2) 219-236. At www.academia.edu Borba, R. (2015) How an individual becomes a subject. Discourse, interaction subjectification at a Brazilian gender identity clinic. Working Papers in Urban Language Literacies #163. At www.kcl.ac.uk/ldc Bourdieu, P. (1972) Esquisse d’une thà ©orie de la pratique prà ©cedà © de Trois à ©tudes d’à ©thnologie kabile. Paris: Seuil Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Massachussets: Harvard UniversityRead MoreLiterature and Its Relevance in Modern Times1515 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Heiges ENGL 203-525 Ms. Nair Feb 8, 2013 Literature and its Relevance in Modern Times Before the importance of literature is discussed we must ask ourselves: â€Å"What is literature?† Many individuals that are asked that question will often give a complex answer for it seems to be a complex word. Some of the answers may include â€Å"it involves reading† or â€Å"it’s when you write†. 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With such expansive roots, great innovators can build and expand from what others have learned, instead of wast ing effort on rediscoveryRead MoreContribution and Importance of Literacy Training Program in Our Society Nowadays2411 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Literacy Training Service† is a program designed to train students to become teacher literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their need. Literacy is crucial to the success of individuals in both their career aspirations and their quality of life. It is more than a basic reading ability, but rather an indication of â€Å"how adults use written information to function in society.† Strong literacy skills are closely linked to the probability

How did Hitler gain power in Germany by 1933 free essay sample

Following the collapse of the Weimar government, Hitler managed to gain dictatorship over Germany by 1936. In fact it took Hitler just around 18 months, between February 1933 and August 1934, so how did Hitler gain autocracy over Germany so quickly? I am going to start with how the Germans had fear of Germany becoming a communist country like Russia. At the end of the war, many people hoped that democracy would spread to most countries of the world. They did not want to be controlled by a dictatorship which would lead them into a communist country. Another factor that assisted Hitler to gain power in Germany by 1933 was how Hitler wanted to demolish the Treaty of Versailles. We will write a custom essay sample on How did Hitler gain power in Germany by 1933? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a long term factor as it was enforced after ww1, to penalize Germany. The Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles and Hitler accused the communists, Jews and the Weimar Government for being responsible. This was an advantage for Hitler as he promised to destroy the Treaty of Versailles. This factor is political as it involves the Weimar Government; it is also economical as the Treaty of Versailles was the foundation for Germany undergoing depression, however this is also a social factor due to the fact that Hitler told the German people that he would get rid of the TOV. This factor clearly links to the ‘Wall Street Crash and Great Depression, because if the Treaty of Versailles was never emplaced Germany would never have undergone the great depression. The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the extremist political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. This is a short term factor that helped Hitler gain power by 1933. On Tuesday 29th October 1929, the American Stock Market, Wall Street, crashed. As a result, 659 banks crashed in America in 1929, 1352 in 1930 and 2294 in 1931. America recalled loans from Germany that had been negotiated under the Dawes Plan (1924). Germany now had to pay back these loans and had to pay reparations. For these reasons, the worldwide economic depression that followed the crash affected Germany particularly badly. In 1930 there were 3. 5 million unemployed in Germany. This rose to 5 million in 1931 and 6 million in 1932. The unemployed were given food and shelter in Nazi hostels and then became part of the SA. The unemployed were given food and shelter in Nazi hostels and then became part of the SA. Von Papen and Hindenburg realized that a strong man who was backed with popularity in the Reichstag was needed in such a crisis, which is why they eventually appointed Hitler chancellor. Without the Great Depression, it is unlikely that Hitler would have risen into power. This unexpected event which Hitler had no control over was one of the most important reasons why he became chancellor. This factor is economical as Germany had to pay ? 6. 6 billion in reparations; however this is also social as 6. 1 million people were unemployed in Germany. This factor links in to elections as without the Wall Street crash Hitler would have never had been able to blame the Weimar government. So now we look at how the elections helped Hitler rise to power in Germany. This is another short term factor. By July 1932 Nazis gained 230 seats in the elections. Hitler demanded position of chancellor, the only way Hitler was able to force Hindenburg into making him chancellor was taking advantage of the Reichstag Fire which was to warn of a communist revolution. Hitler decided to pass the Enabling Act which made him dictator; however this also meant that Hitler could now pass laws without the approval of the Reichstag. When Hindenburg died in 1934 Hitler took his place and therefore had unquestioned and unchallenged control. However Hitler could have never been chancellor unless Hindenburg appointed him, no matter how many seat his party gained in the Reichstag. This factor is political as the Nazi party gained 230 seats in the Reichstag. This factor also links to the appeal of the Nazi party as the appeal of the Nazi party is what caused people to vote for the Nazis. We are now onto the ‘Appeal of the Nazi party’ and how that boosted Hitler’s chance of gaining power in Germany. The Nazi party was the peoples party. It tried to win everyones support. Hitler would deliver speeches to German audiences in halls or sport stadiums. Groups such as the S. A and Hitler Youth gave sense of belonging and pride to all the Nazi’s audience. This factor is a social factor as it involves all groups of people to support and vote for the Nazi party. This factor links to Hitler’s ideas due to the fact that once Hitler’s ideas were emplaced he needed to appeal to the audience. Hitler’s ideas were a key importance of what made his party strong. The Nazi programme appealed to all sections of society. Some of Hitler’s main ideas are: National Socialism, Racism, Living space and strong government. This is a long term factor as it must have been time consuming for Hitler to rein validate his ideas. This is political as Hitler enforced his ideas into the Nazi party programme. This factor links to propaganda as Hitler needed propaganda to get his message and ideas across. The use of propaganda helped Hitler gain power in Germany by 1933; it is long-medium factor as it took time to Dr Josef Goebbels was responsible for propaganda from 1928 onwards. Posters, Radios, Newspapers and Rallies got messages across to large numbers of people. A very popular poster that was used is: â€Å"Arbeit una Brot† (work and Bread) made more people vote for the Nazis. This is because of the enormous amout of unemployment which is linked to the ‘Wall Street Crash’. This is political as all types of propaganda used included a political message. The last factor is Hitler’s personality and skills. This helped as Hitler had a lot of determination and self – belief. Hitler’s personality also involves aggression and competitiveness. One main skill Hitler was great at was public speaking. This was a very important skill which Hitler had discovered due to the fact that without this no one would listen to him which would mean that possibly he would have never got into the position he did. This is a long term factor as Hitler must have been developing his public speaking skills most of his life. This factor is social as it is a speaking skill; however this is also political as Hitler used his skill to involve himself in German politics. To conclude I believe that the most important factor that helped Hitler gain power was the ‘Wall Street Crash – Great Depression. This is because in my view I think that without the Great Depression the Nazis would never have been able to blame the Weimar Government for not being strong, therefore the Nazi party would not be able to gain control. On the other hand critics could argue that no matter how many seats the Nazi party gained, it wouldn’t matter because Hindenburg was the only person that could appoint Hitler as chancellor.

Jeffrey Ferrer 4th District Congressman of Negros Occidental Focusing on the Effectiveness of the Project Implementation in La Carlota City Essay Example

Jeffrey Ferrer: 4th District Congressman of Negros Occidental Focusing on the Effectiveness of the Project Implementation in La Carlota City Paper Introduction Jeffrey Ferrer started his political career in the City of La Carlota. He is currently had an immediate concerns for the two cities and four towns that is La Carlota and Bago City, Valladolid, San Enrique, Pulupandan and Pontevedra but I will deal on the first city mentioned mainly because this is his hometown and this is the reason why I managed to focus my study within the city and not on the whole of the 4th District since La Carlota is very important for him, this is where his heart belongs to and where he would always look back. Even at the point of running as a Congressman, majority of his votes came from the City in which it can be inferred that most of the La Carlotenos believed in his capacity to be a public servant. He asked everyone to walk with him in the new path of public service as he will offer a much broader opportunity for everyone. On the other hand, it is expected that I would be focusing on the projects implemented and to be implemented only in La Carlota City however, I will also present some existing relevant data of other cities and municipalities that he and with the help of other governmental offices had conducted a million-worth project that might help me to enlighten my mind whether Jeffrey Ferrer is indeed effective in terms of his project implementation and as a whole being effective as a Congressman. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeffrey Ferrer: 4th District Congressman of Negros Occidental Focusing on the Effectiveness of the Project Implementation in La Carlota City specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jeffrey Ferrer: 4th District Congressman of Negros Occidental Focusing on the Effectiveness of the Project Implementation in La Carlota City specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jeffrey Ferrer: 4th District Congressman of Negros Occidental Focusing on the Effectiveness of the Project Implementation in La Carlota City specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From a poor family who had a dedication towards his work hence giving him this kind of opportunity to become a public servant. How it is to live like Jeffrey Ferrer? He started at the lower position as the Barangay Councilman in his native city, he became Councilor and that position made him to realize that he has the potential to become the mayor of La Carlota City with the help of course of some â€Å"big-shots† persona in the city and the whole Negros Occidental until he successfully became the Congressman of the Fourth District. In his term as the mayor, he gave his all to prove to the people that he got something that people expected him to have that is, sense of dedication being a politician. However, it is inevitable for the politician to be involved in some corrupt practices and the people are not blind not to see the reality of what is happening in the system. In his mayoral term, the construction of the La Carlota City gymnasium has been one of the controversial issues that he faced since the construction did not flourished knowing that it was worth million and yet the funds is not feasible that time and only to realize that e got that big house for her mother in an instant so people’s speculation on certain areas of concern is to be anticipated by many but he must not only to be blamed in here but all those politicians involved in that construction. Going back, those â€Å"big-shots† persona and a political figure as well that I have mentioned that aids him to be where he is now included the former representative of the 4th District, Congressman Charlie Cojuangco who endorsed him to be the successor under the National People’s Coalition-United Negros Alliance, Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. he NPC-UNA chairman Emeritus who appoint him as their party’s standard bearer in the 4th District, his godfather, Governor Joseph Maranon and the philanthropist Ms. Gretchen Oppen Cojuangco who happened to be planning also to enter in the same position of that of Congressman Ferrer but dropped her earlier plan to run for Congress and eventually she realized that it would be better for herself to be somehow get away from the political perspectives and later decided to just concentrate on her advocacy towards the environment, women, helping the poor and other related stuffs so she openly gave the spot to the present Congressman Jeffrey Ferrer. With all the things that he had already been achieved, life is already a fulfillment that he thought must be gladly shared with other people especially to the La Carlotenos as well as to the whole 4th District here in Negros Occidental. The commitment to work led him to run as a Congressman with the hope that he could give a better life for those people who give him the chance to freely perform his duties well and he hopes that in return, being in the current position could give him the opportunity to thank all the people in Negros Occidental particularly in La Carlota. Being a Congressman is a hard task so it is up for Jeffrey Ferrer to manage to get into top and have a good perception to the people. Running for Congress as he said opened him a new dawn of responsibilities and that he must took seriously. It is now time to assess all those projects he plans to implement and delve with other projects he had already implemented and completed. Four-Point Agenda as Congressman and Projects Implemented and to be Implemented with the Help of Governmental Offices In order for me to conclude if Congressman Jeffrey Ferrer has been an effective catalyst for the change and a linkage function for the development of the 4th District specifically in La Carlota City, I have to go deeper and review the set-up of his Four-Point Agenda in the said city whether he accomplished this all then if I have found out that he had able to work out on this things, I would have my own opinion to foretell whether he is an effective Congressman. Compare it to other cities where there are infrastructures, malls, lots of establishments from fast-food chains to popular restaurants and night-out places, La Carlota did not have these all. What makes La Carlota a city was mainly because of its land area, sugarcane industry and many haciendas. When Jeffrey Ferrer entered the politics into a much higher position, La Carlota transformed in terms of its economic opportunities not only to the city but to the lives of the people. The construction of the Lopue’s, a mini-mall became the stepping stone for the people to acquire jobs and the present status of that mall is booming since it is the only mall in the city and it allows those unemployed to be employed and it aids also those working students having it as their part-time job. There are new businesses that are currently running in the city like the Jollibee fast food chain it was the first fast food chain in the city and there are developments to some areas for tourist attraction. The festival in La Carlota known as the Pasalamat Festival, is one of the highlights of the city to attract tourists to come over at the city to experience the drumbeating, beauty and dances and the culture itself as it is reflected in the name, thanksgiving for the bountiful harvest of sugarcane and everytime this time comes, Congressman took part on the festival, inviting guests from Manila and foreigners and even by the mere song of â€Å"Let’s Go La Carlota† in which it became popular all throughout Negros even in Bacolod City during his term depicts how he value and being proud to La Carlota City. He dedicate his time and experience to serve his constituents with all these agendas. The city is far from before it is more commercialized now and that proves that in terms of economic development Congressman never failed to uphold this agenda. Resolution No. 58 series of 2008 entitled Resolution Authorizing the La Carlota City Water District (LCCWD) to Conduct Water Services Operations in Barangays Baliwagan and Sibucao, Municipality of San Enrique Negros Occidental has its approval to implement the said project. Working hand in hand together with the Congressman, the La Carlota City Water District became the instrument for the implementation of his project with a total project cost of 7 million pesos, the copy of this resolution including the costs of the project is attached at the end of this paper. According to the data of the Water District, the municipality of San Enrique has no communal piped water system for the general population. However, the three barangays of Tibsoc, Baliwagan and Nayon used to have level III water supply system which has then managed by the barangay officials. The system used small dugwells as sources but due to lack of technical expertise of the management, the system bogged down and was totally abandoned. The residents generally use dugwells to meet their water requirements. The common use of dugwells is attributed to the poor groundwater potential in the Poblacion owing to its topography which is almost surrounded with saltwater bodies. Basically this project aims to implement the water supply of San Enrique, Negros Occidental to further enhance the current situations of every household. The system adopts the required design criteria and standards to come up with an economically viable program with immediate-impact benefits consistent with the goals and objectives of the municipality and Local Water Utilities Administration. This is the current major project done by the LCCWD together with Congressman Jeffrey Ferrer and the collaboration of the two makes it possible for the people to have safe and manageable drinking facilities. I have interviewed some of the beneficiaries of this program and they appreciate the project since it is the first that they will have a supply of water in the areas concerned. This has been a proposed project way back in 2001 and now it has finally implemented with the help of course of the Congressman of the 4th District giving an additional fund of 2 million pesos for the implementation of the project. The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) releases its infrastructure projects last year with all the various infrastructure including local projects-nationwide with its specific amount for the corresponding projects. Without any biased, it seems that Congressman Ferrer do his job as possible to give the constituents in La Carlota and other neighboring municipalities making up the 4th District the kind of good impression towards him. He has done different projects all throughout his term. The Construction of Yubo Farm-to-Market Road costs 1. 5 million pesos as can be seen in the official copy of the infrastructure project. The 2 million construction of Balabag-Cainaman Road in Barangay Balabag has been a helpful way in accessing the roads for convenience sake. For almost a year, the roads in La Carlota City are poor that is bulky and lots of bumpy roads all over and it was blamed to the Congressman who is in position. I could compare it to the roads of Negros Oriental it is far better off than in the Negros Occidental but Representative of the 4th District finally made some changes on how to deal with this. He was influenced by Governor Joseph Maranon in every action that he does. There is also the Proposed development of Farm to Market Road JCT. National Road-Old FACOMA-Tabao baybay Road worth 5 million that will require the construction of road, widening, backfilling, rip rap and grouting of riprap and establishments of r. c. pipes and other more. This projects aims to provide permanent access to the market by construction of a 1200 kilometers Farm to Market Road to the more than 2800 farming families and their dependents who will use it in their daily development activity he added that this will improve the living conditions of the farmers and their dependents through cost savings in the transport of goods and services translating to additional income and finally it lowers the cost of production per hectare of rice and sugarcane due to easier transport of farm inputs and farm products. The office of the Congressman Jeffrey P. Ferrer with the office of the Municipal Engineer of the 4th Congressional District of Department of Public Works and Highways will undertake the implementation of this project. In this project, he is knowledgeable on the current situation of the farmers in the city. According to him, to finance the farmer’s production cost, they usually borrow loans from informal sources such as agents or traders. The harvested palay is often sold to the trader/financier who deducts the total loan from the proceeds of the harvest because of the difficulty of road access they tend to borrow more funds to compensate for the higher cost thereby increasing the cost of money. The greatest difficulty of the farmers is the availability of a permanent access to the Market because of the lack of a developed farm to market road. An important infrastructure support that will lessen the burden of transporting farm product cost to the market but also will improve the access of their dependents to vital social development centers such as education and health by shortening the time and cost of travel giving the farmers cost savings translating to additional income. In addition, there is also a Rehabilitation of Farm to Market Road in the JCT. National Road-Purok Himaya-Alijis provincial Road, Barangay Tabao Proper, Valladolid with a funding requirement of P1 million that will require the backfilling, paving, regravelling of aggregate base course. In his Four-point Agenda, he mentioned the irrigation system but he did most of the programs in terms of irrigation in Bago City Negros Occidental particularly the Bago River Irrigation System Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (BRISRIP). The Congressman as expected is on the Batasan Complex in Quezon City that is why they (National Irrigation Administration) sent a monthly brief progress report that will suffice the information needed by the office of the Congressman to actually monitor what is going on with the project that he is undertaking. The letter signed by the project manager contained all the data; activities, the status and pictorials in the locale. City Health Office works hand in hand with Congressman to provide quality in terms of its service to the people. According to the nurses and midwives in City Health, there is a provision of the New City Health Office Building to foster the needs of the people and due to the fact that the Office is old enough to accomodate more patients that is why the need to provide a new office is likely to happen and is highly awaited by the doctors and nurses in the City Health Office. There is also the provision of Medical Supplies to Indigents where he indicated the need for those people to acquire a free medicine to the poor. PHILHEALTH sa MASA, in order for the people to ensure their health in the future. One development in La Carlota City that I have seen is the Agora Public Market, it was repainted and Congressman added buildings beside the Public Market built a sculpture inside and they do landscaping to beautify the market. When I went home I simply stared at the recent development of the city and just began thinking if what he did is right. Many controversies existed again when he did the reconstruction and repainting of the public market. Many problematized the effect of the new building mainly because of the added tax that they require for the sellers to pay if they use the new building it should be free since it is a public market. In effect, low class sellers settled instead on their previous stall and those who had a capacity to pay go for that new building but for me it is somewhat useless since it has been fully used by the people. However, it is good in the eye to see the development rather than sticking with the previous physical beauty of the market wherein I cannot even think that the city is a city itself but today with the help of Congressman Ferrer and a ormer mayor of La Carlota there is a rapid progress in the city. The roofing of La Carlota City Gymnasium is a project also done by Jeffrey Ferrer, the gymnasium is not a typical gymnasium merely because of the broken wood chairs, malfunctioned lightings and other more but when I have the chance to go home, I saw the big change, it was now completed and f ully utilized not only by the students but during the special occasions that happened here in La Carlota City. Former Mayor Jeffrey Ferrer put importance towards education that is why he made projects like Rehabilitation of School Building in La Granja and San Miguel and other schools within the city with the help of the Department of Education. In the 4th District as a whole, he gives a scholarship grant for those individuals who are financially incapable but deserve to achieve quality education to help them get a good education. Analysis and Conclusion I find a hard time interviewing Congressman Jeffrey Ferrer since he was away in Manila so I have decided to use some connections to get relevant information of his projects implementation and went directly to the Headquarters or his office here in La Carlota City and I just asked permission to Congressman so I could freely bring with me all the documents that I need for this analysis and fortunately enough, he openly gave permission to access the public documents situated at the headquarters. I could infer that there is transparency towards his public documents because he trusted me to access everything that would be valuable for this paper including all the amount, letters and everything that had been compiled. Going through the papers that had been given to me, I made an assessment that all the projects in the City is effective although there are delayed projects but they still managed to finished it. Some are subjects for approval of Congressman to start the project. All in all his projects took into effect and the people benefitted from that. I have mentioned before that most of the La Carlotenos now had a job and he is still planning to do more on that so he could help the people to find jobs. He is more inclined to help the poor including the farmers and he makes it the point of going through a certain projects that would eventually enhance the lives of the people. The current mayor of the La Carlota City, Demie John Honrado and Congressman had a connection with each other since before when Congressman was still the mayor and Demie Honrado was his Vice-mayor. He helps Honrado to be his successor as a mayor so he supported him all throughout his campaign in the city and no choice the power of Ferrer simply was unstoppable. All the projects in La Carlota City were being supported by the Congressman because he is considered to be a friend of the current mayor. There is a political friendship that exists between them so the interaction of the two went smoothly thus there is flexibility towards the public decisions and project being employed in the city. However, I am not really familiar with some issues that the city is currently facing just right after Jeffrey Ferrer leaves the position of being the mayor. I may be inconsistent with my previous arguments but it seems that after the mayoral position of Ferrer, Demie Honrado was stucked will all the debts of La Carlota City and it was found out that there was a lack of funds anymore and where did it go? The fact was that, during Pasalamat Festival it is a â€Å"celebracion en grande† for the whole people but it resulted to the funds deficiency for the present status of the city because there are debts that are still clinging to city’s heart due to the payment of the actors and actresses who went here and it was not yet resolved but towards the project implementation done by Congressman Ferrer well everyone benefits from that so I made my say on that already that he was an effective public servant. Implementing projects in La Carlota City has been successful. With the collaboration of those governmental offices in the city, I could say that projects were all benefitted by the constituents in the city and from the time that he was the mayor until he became the Congressman at the present, what he did and needs to be done will always serve as a legacy to the next leader as well as to the essential part of the city, the people. When one asked who is Jeffrey Ferrer, then everybody could answer it since he was the instrument to foster visible changes in the city, everything started from him from beautification to economic growth. During festivals everyone simply enjoys to the activities. He knows how to catch the people’s attention that was when he was still a mayor but maybe I can also see it as a style that he made when he was planning then to enter into a higher office, to be the Congressman. Based on the responses given by the people of La Carlota, the feedbacks that I have commonly heard are all positive but there are instances that they are not satisfied with Ferrer but the development itself that Congressman brought to the city is fairly enough on my part to say that he had established a substantial position on his part to bring his projects into effect and he take the lead of being the leader. He gets into the higher office mainly because of the support that he got from his constituents who are satisfied with his performance while he was still a mayor. His relationship with an elite and prominent family in La Carlota City known as Kitchie Benedicto, a producer-director in television who is rich enough to give wholeheartedly support whatever endeavors Congressman Jeffrey Ferrer takes served as his shield while taking the hard roads of politics. He said that he will not be this strong enough without the help of his Mommy Kitchie who contribute much in his personality as a politician. Surprisingly enough, the daughter of Kitchie Benedicto happened to be the wife of Jeffrey Ferrer who is a lawyer by profession thus it can be infer that Kitchie and the rest of the Benedicto would likely to support the projects and undertaking of Congressman now that he is currently in a higher position. Many knew that he was loved by the Benedicto and got a big support in terms of his political career. They said that there is a charisma on the part of Ferrer on why he get the support of the Benedicto especially Ms. Kitchie. He has all the support by all the elites in Negros Occidental particularly the Benedicto family who took a great impact on where he is now. According to the Benedicto family, the support that they gave to Jeffrey Ferrer is an extension of helping the La Carlotenos in moving forward. Projects that are worth a million are considered to be just if the people see the developments going on in the city as well as on the whole 4th District. I have no questions regarding the accountability because it was specifically written as to where the funds go and I highly appreciate the accessibility on the funds and that they are open to public whatever archival that they have in terms of the projects information and data. In my overall assessment on his project implementation, I have seen all the data of his project that he had accomplished, everything in his agenda was carry out and he will have much time on his term to do another project that would cater the needs of all the constituents in the 4th District especially in La Carlota City as he would always carry with him the phrase, â€Å"Let’s go, La Carlota! † and now â€Å"Let’s go, 4th District! †

Free Essays on Dr Jeckel Mr. Hyde

The story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is one that would have the most intelligent person thinking out loud to himself, â€Å"What the heck is going on in this story?† The way the story flows is in many ways, like a suspense movie where the audience wonders what will happen next or who the killer might be, but the question that this reader needed an answer to was â€Å"Who in the world was Mr. Hyde?† Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde began with a lawyer, Mr. Utterson, talking with his cousin, Mr. Enfield, about a detestable looking man, Mr. Hyde, who had stomped on a young girl and thought nothing of it. Mr. Hyde was a man, that just by the mere sight of him, any human being would be disgusted. The author gave the reader no chance in ever liking Mr. Hyde because not only did he commit a heinous act when he stomped over this little girl and not look back, but at the same time, Mr. Hyde was a secretive man whose face the reader could not see, but when the reader did get a visual from the story, it was detestable because that is what the author described. The author describes Mr. Hyde as â€Å"something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldn’t specify the point. He’s an extraordinary looking man, and yet I really can name nothing out of the way. No sir; I can make no hand of it; I can’t describe him. And it’s not want of memory; for I declare I can see him this moment† (Stevenson, p. 282). With a description like that, would anyone want to be around a human being like that? More than likely the answer would be no. So the description of Mr. Hyde early on turns the reader off to Mr. Hyde no matter what is said later on in the story. The question remained, who was Mr. Edward Hyde? It seemed to Mr. Utterson that only Dr. Henry Jekyll could answer t... Free Essays on Dr Jeckel Mr. Hyde Free Essays on Dr Jeckel Mr. Hyde The story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is one that would have the most intelligent person thinking out loud to himself, â€Å"What the heck is going on in this story?† The way the story flows is in many ways, like a suspense movie where the audience wonders what will happen next or who the killer might be, but the question that this reader needed an answer to was â€Å"Who in the world was Mr. Hyde?† Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde began with a lawyer, Mr. Utterson, talking with his cousin, Mr. Enfield, about a detestable looking man, Mr. Hyde, who had stomped on a young girl and thought nothing of it. Mr. Hyde was a man, that just by the mere sight of him, any human being would be disgusted. The author gave the reader no chance in ever liking Mr. Hyde because not only did he commit a heinous act when he stomped over this little girl and not look back, but at the same time, Mr. Hyde was a secretive man whose face the reader could not see, but when the reader did get a visual from the story, it was detestable because that is what the author described. The author describes Mr. Hyde as â€Å"something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldn’t specify the point. He’s an extraordinary looking man, and yet I really can name nothing out of the way. No sir; I can make no hand of it; I can’t describe him. And it’s not want of memory; for I declare I can see him this moment† (Stevenson, p. 282). With a description like that, would anyone want to be around a human being like that? More than likely the answer would be no. So the description of Mr. Hyde early on turns the reader off to Mr. Hyde no matter what is said later on in the story. The question remained, who was Mr. Edward Hyde? It seemed to Mr. Utterson that only Dr. Henry Jekyll could answer t...

How to Make Your Own Cookbook in 5 Simple Steps

How to Make Your Own Cookbook in 5 Simple Steps How to Publish a Cookbook in 5 Easy Steps So you’ve been blogging about your favorite recipes? Maybe you have always loved cooking, and mentally amend the dishes you eat when you go to restaurants? Perhaps you’ve been racking up quite a following on Instagram with your â€Å"how to make† videos. If any of these describe you, there’s a good chance you’ve also thought that it might be time to step your love of food up a notch, and make your own cookbook. Tips for writing a cookbook: People always want to buy a cookbook, even when the market's down. Food and Drink is one of non-fiction’s hottest genres: as award-winning food stylist and editor Ashley Strickland Freeman says, â€Å"People will always want to buy a cookbook - even when the market is down. Everyone's got to eat and there is just something about holding and flipping through a beautiful cookbook to get you inspired.† As a result, it’s a crowded and highly competitive market - so you need to make sure that you really put your best whisk forward as you get ready to publish.So if you’ve been struck by culinary genius, or simply have an idea for a cookbook simmering away: preheat your oven, assemble your ingredients, and grab a pen. We’re here to help you get the ball of dough rolling by explaining the steps to make your own cookbook.Step 1: Nail down the what, why, and who of your cookbookStart your cookbook by connecting the dots between these three aspects: the type of cookbook, the reason you should write it, and who will read it. Once you’ve nailed down those basics, you should be able to complete this sentence:.So for instance: â€Å"Vegans will enjoy The Oh She Glows Cookbook, because it offers recipes that will help them develop their plant-based cooking skills.† Or: â€Å"Beginner cooks will enjoy Martha Stewart's Cooking School, because it offers a culinary masterclass for chefs-to-be who are just getting started in the kitchen.† Read on to find out how to start your cookbook by nailing down it's concept, goal, and audience. In other words, you need to know the what, why, and who of your cookbook. Now let’s get cooking!What kind of cookbook should you make?Just as a novel has a plot and belongs to a genre, cookbooks also need a story, a concept, an angle, a shtick - whatever you want to call it. So first and foremost, you need to establish the type of cookbook you want to write.Comprehensive Offers large varieties of recipes from beginner level to advanced, and is meant to act as an all-encompassing resource on the subject - such as Mark Bittman’s How to Cook Everything.50 Book Marketing Ideas Every Author Needs to Know Read post What about marketing?Perhaps the most challenging part of self-publishing is getting people to buy your books. Thankfully, there is a wealth of book marketing knowledge that authors can tap into when formulating their plan.One thing that indie cookbook authors should bear in mind is the fact that they will have a lot of opportunities for creating content. Unique recipes paired with professional-grade photography (which you can take from your book) should help you pitch guest posts to other sites - and keep subscribers to your mailing list engaged.If you’re still not quite sure which publishing path is for you, check out our quiz: Should You Self-Publish or Traditionally Publish? Tips on publishing a cookbook: show how your cookbook is different from what's already out there. Food made with love always tastes better. The above steps can help you translate this passion to the page, and get your recipes ready to share with the world of readers and cooks out there. If you’re looking for more information on making and publishing your own cookbook, enroll in our free, ten-day course: How to Turn Your Cookbook Idea into a Reality.Happy cooking and writing!Are you an aspiring or experienced cookbook writer? Share your thoughts in the comments below.

UN Resolution on Israel (assigned Country is Nigeria) 1.15 single Essay

UN Resolution on Israel (assigned Country is Nigeria) 1.15 single spacings - Essay Example ons Human Rights Council of 24 January 2008 and of the United Nations  Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of 25 May 2010, as well as the statements conveyed by the United Nations Special Rapporteurs present in the Gaza Strip, Fully alarmed that the continuation of the present crisis in the relations between the State of Israel and the Palestinian authorities in the Gaza Strip may undermine the peace process and lead to significant challenges to the regional stability, 1. Calls upon the two Parties concerned to exert all efforts necessary to resolve their differences and to make full use of the instruments of pacific settlement of disputes provided for in Chapter VI of the Charter of the United Nations. Such a settlement shall be conducted under the procedural rules the two Parties find the most beneficial to their common interests, and shall be supervised by the special Commission of the Security Council of the United Nations; 2. Condemns the unjustifiable acts of violence committed by the armed forces of the State of Israel and the paramilitary formations of the Palestinian authorities in the Gaza Strip against the civilians residing both in Israel and Palestine and calls for the objective arraignment of all the persons involved in them; (a) Avoid interfering with independent attempts of international non-governmental organizations to provide humanitarian assistance to the civilian population of the Gaza Strip, invite the States concerned to provide security assistance to the participants in such efforts; 4. Recalls an obligation on both Parties to respect the previous Resolutions of the Security Council with regard to maintenance of the peace and stability in the Middle East and appeals to all Parties concerned to exercise the maximum restraint when faced with mutual disagreements; 5. Welcomes the efforts of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to enable the relaxation of the blockade of the Gaza

Field Report on Hopwood Motorway Service Area . Sustainability Coursework - 1

Field Report on Hopwood Motorway Service Area . Sustainability - Coursework Example I noted that the peak flow and the concentration of pollutants in both water and sediments collected from the management train at Hopwood have recorded a downward trend (Motorway Services Online, 2013: 1). The sediments were received into the watercourse (Booth, et al., 2012: 244). Booth et al. (2012: 244) say that the Hopwood motorway service contains SUDS trains that administer vehicle parking, amenity and petroleum supply areas, as well as access road network, ponds and filter strips. During the fieldwork, I noticed that the motorway service also has swales, porous paving and swamplands (Booth, et al., 2012: 244). Conclusively, having conducted the field survey, the Service area must always be monitored to control the chemicals emitted from the pond. In an event that the wetlands are not well monitored, the wildlife may have access to contaminated water from the service

Microeconomics and the Laws of Supply and Demand Simulation Essay Example for Free

Microeconomics and the Laws of Supply and Demand Simulation Essay Based on Webpedia (2014), microeconomics is the interaction and behavior of individual components within an economic system. About the flip side, yet, he claims that macroeconomics examines the market as an aggregate. While microeconomics has a slim viewpoint of the market, macroeconomics examines the market from a wide standpoint. In the University of Phoenix simulation (n.d), for instance, Atlantis metropolis is a little and pleasant town with sufficient infrastructure, rendering it acceptable to custom. This is often considered as the macroeconomic view of the town because the investigation covers a wide spectrum. The simulation more signifies that there exists a low-traffic and hardly any pollution and low-crime rate. This confirms a more narrow outlook of the metropolis, looking at individual elements of the city which makes it conducive living environment. Acceptable infrastructure can be a generalized notion making it a macroeconomic view of the town. The reference of the parks and home narrows down the area into two sublets of infrastructure, in other words, home and recreational services. A change to the right of the supply curve would suggest that theres been a subsequent rise in the offer of 2-bedroom flats. This was due to a growth in demand impacted by the truth that a brand new firm, Lintech, moved to the town, and there was consequently a population increase along with a subsequent boost in demand of 2-bedroom flats. The entry of new residents had an in earnings, which produced them favor detached houses. Goodlife went farther and converted 400 flats from their 3200 into condos. Equilibrium is the level where the demand and provide curve fulfill in the center. The equilibrium value was initially at $1050 , along with the amount provided was 2000 flat units. A change to the proper in the demand curve, occasioned by means of a growth in populace from Lintech, raises the cost of the models supply staying persistent. When it c omes to decision making, itll be wise for the provider to raise the supply. Yet, change in the tastes of the customers occasioned by means of a rise in income amounts meant demand would fall. A  reduction in need of the 2-bedroom flats on account of modify in tastes lead into a drop in supply, and thus, the demand and also the offer curves would switch to the left. The shift in provide were more compared to the shift in-demand, for instance, it might imply that there will be a deficit in the equilibrium rental fee significance that supply is going to be lower than whats needed. Meaning, the business will need to offer fewer flat units compared to the potential client is prepared to invest to them. The rental rate would need to increase therefore the amount needed reduces until there exists a decrease in deficit. This technique goes on until a brand new equilibrium point is achieved. These forces are at the mercy of different variables to the side of both consumer and provider. For instance, a growth in demand will likely be at the mercy of not only cost, but additionally taste and tastes, the income degree of the customer marketplace and also the size of the marketplace. Growth of supply can be impacted by several other variables for example cost of associated items, dimension of populace and others. In the telephone sector, for instance, the desire is principally geared by pricing, but other variables should be placed into play. Why really would one consider purchasing an iPhone when its deemed really pricey? It really is just since the Apple telephone organization has arch out a market in supplying outstanding quality telephones which are user-friendly. Hence it is imperative to think about the marketplace tendencies to ensure ones merchandises are almost always useful. Microeconomics, as mentioned before, deals and intermingles together with the individual models of the market. In the real-estate business, microeconomics will take a look in the many liv ing conditions of distinct portions of the town and ascertain who dwells there. Microeconomics might assess the person facets which could change an industry, for instance, growth in income, populace designs and client preferences in real-estate. An rich place may have fewer lodging components directly proportionate to the few who make high wages, and not as wealthy places could have more folks because of the exceptionally affordable housing components. Equilibrium in essence will be a culmination of cost and amount ascertained in the micro-level. Price elasticity of demand stems from customer’s responsiveness or sensitivity to changes in price (Colander, n.d, ). In the simulation, a rise in cost caused a reduction in the need of flats. The simulation  advocated the purchase price ought to be optimized to attain maximum gains, while in exactly the same time making sure the pricing would be advantageous to the client. That is the stage of equilibrium. Costs above this level would result in excess and costs beneath would cause a deficit. The simulation continues to be powerful in establishing the potency of the powers of demand and supply. In the simulation, a rise in cost caused a reduction in the need of flats. The simulation advocated the purchase price ought to be optimized to attain maximum gains, while in exactly the same time making sure the pricing would be advantageous to the client. That is the stage of equilibrium. Costs above this level would result in excess and costs beneath would cause a deficit. The simulation continues to be powerful in establishing the potency of the powers of demand and supply. References Colander, D. C. (n.d). Microeconomics ninth edition (9th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND. (2014). In Webpedia. Retrieved from http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=price+elasticity+of+demand University of Phoenix. (n.d). Applying Supply and Demand Concepts [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ECO365 website.

The Planet Neptune :: Space Astronomy

The wonders of the great planet of mysterious Neptune "5,4,3,2,1, LIFTOFF! I think I see something on the radar, it looks to be as if it's a planet! I think I have visual contact, blue, thick clouds and maybe a little liquidy substance, probably water. Wait a minute, I think it's Neptune! We have to report this to the mission control." Neptune, the last planet in the solar system after the planet Pluto was considered not a planet. You might think Neptune and Earth are the same size by just looking at it but it?s not. Neptune is so big that it could fit sixty Earths inside. It is the fourth largest planet in the solar system. Neptune use to share an orbit with Pluto. That declined when Pluto was considered not a planet anymore. The gravity on Neptune is slightly dense. I?ll give you an example, I currently weigh 60 pounds on Earth, and on Neptune I would weigh about 71 pounds. That means there?s about an 11-pound difference on Neptune. The orbit of Neptune is unique. This is because Pluto?s eccentric orbit crosses between Neptune?s orbit. Take an estimate, how long do you think a year on Neptune would be? You probably answered any where between 60 and 90 years. Unfortunately you?re wrong. The correct answer is 165 Earth years. That?s a really long time! A day on Neptune is 16.1 Martian hours or 19.1 Earth hours. The atmosphere on Neptune is made out methane, hydrogen sulfide and water. The temperature on Neptune is 49K or 328ÂÂ °F. If you lived on Neptune (which you can?t!) you would boil. Neptune has four rings. Two of them are hard to see and are faded, Neptune?s rings are made out of dust. A scientist named Johann Gottfried Galle discovered Neptune. Voyager 2 visited Neptune. Neptune was discovered on September 23, 1846. Neptune was named after an Italian goddess named Poseidon or Nethunus or Neptune.

The Usefulness of Traditional and New Performance Measures Used in Nigerian Companies

USEFULNESS OF TRADITIONAL AND NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURES: SOME EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIAN COMPANIES BY DR. (MRS. ) S. L. ADEYEMI DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN ABSTRACT This paper reports the findings of a survey on the usefulness of selected traditional and new performance measures used in some Nigeria companies that have adopted a flexible manufacturing strategy. The results indicate that majority of these companies considered the new performance measures useful particularly among the larger companies and among those with 5 years or less of business experience.Traditional measures are still useful, though to a much lesser extent. These results suggest that a combination of both traditional and new measures would be needed especially when Nigeria companies are going through the transition of implementing changes to their strategies from cost leadership to flexible manufacturing. INTRODUCTION The combination of slower economic growth and increased competition ha s forced firms in every industry to concentrate on efficient and effective deployment of resources. One result of these efforts has been the emergence of a new corporate position devoted to controllership.The controller is concerned with continuous measurement of a firm’s performance. In order to carry out the measurement process, controllership focuses on the assessment of resources deployment and goal attainment Numerous research initiatives have identified the high correlation between superior performances and the development and use of sophisticated assessment or measurement capabilities. As early as 1985, A. T. Kuarney Consultants noticed that firm engaging in comprehensive performance realized improvements in overall productivity in the range of 14 to 22 percent.Effort has been expended by establishments to improve the quality of information that their managers have at their disposal to measure, compare and guide performance. In most firms in Nigeria the traditional for mats and travel reports are still in used. TRADITIONAL AND MODERN MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE: AN OVERVIEW OF A REVIEW The traditional performance measurement system has been designed to report labour productivity, machine and capacity utilization, and standard cost variances.These are cost-efficiency-based measures derived from a strategy to minimize production costs, described as a cost leadership strategy, which is characterized by mass production of a new standard products musing stable technology (hall, 1980; Kaplan. 1986). The modern manufacturing environment has undergone dramatic changes since the past decades mainly because of intensive global competition, shifts in customer’s buying behaviour, and rapid innovation in manufacturing and information technology product.A cost-minimization and mass production strategy is no longer compatible with this new manufacturing scenario. Instead, issues such as responsiveness to customer needs, improving quality, reducing lead times, technological innovation and enhancing production flexibility have emerged as strategically more important to maintain competitiveness. Direct attention to these issues is the essence of a flexible manufacturing strategy. (Nemetz and Fry, 1988). Despite this strategic re-orientation among the more progressive companies, performance measurement systems have not kept pace with the change.The theory of organizational lag has been involved to explain this lag in making changes. The theory of organizational lag has been involved to explain this lag in making changes to management accounting systems of which performance system forms a part. According to this theory, administrative innovations in management accounting (and performance) systems tend to lag behind the technical innovations of manufacturing. This is because the potential benefits of administrative innovations are less certain and are likely to take more time to have any recognizable impact (Dunk, 1989).Failure to make comple mentary changes in the performance measurement system to fit with the company’s new flexible manufacturing strategy may lead to dysfunctional consequences. As pointed out by Howell and Soucy, (1987). â€Å"The manufacturing transformation in many companies has been slowed, if not set back, as antiquated sets of operating performance yardsticks promote inaccurate analysis, poor operating decisions, and inappropriate resource allocations†.This paper reviews traditional financial measures of performance and discussed the potential benefits of incorporating new performance measures into the performance measurement system. The usefulness of these measures was empirically tested using a sample of Nigerian Companies that have adopted flexible manufacturing strategy. The bulk of responding companies came from the electronic and other high technology product industries (60%) Business experience was categorized into groups, as follows: 5 years and below (7. 5%( > 5-10 years (22. 5%) and > 10 years (50%).TRADITIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES Traditional performance measures have been developed to meet the needs of manufacturing characterized by the production of standard products with high direct labour contest. Set ups are minimized to assure uninterrupted production runs. In this way, labour and machine capacities can be fully utilized and the greatest possible output produced with a consequent reduction in the overhead cost per unit of output. The competitive strategy is cost minimization, so variance reporting, overhead absorption and capacity utilization measures appropriately reflect this strategy.Variance Reporting: The use of variance accounting for managerial performance evaluation has been criticized as counter-effective in the modern global environment (Howell & Soucy, 1987). This is because traditional variance analysis encourages dysfunctional behaviours such as allowing inventory to build up so as to show a favourable volume variance, and delaying machine maintenance, padding the budget or shifting expenses between accounts so as to show a favourable expenses variance.Purchasing managers, for example, may act dysfunctionally by purchasing materials based on lowest price considerations at the expense of quality so as to show a favourable materials price variance. The consequences of inferior quality materials purchased are manifested in increased reworks, scraps, inspections and storage of defective parts leading to higher production costs and loss of competitiveness. The volume variance as a manufacturing indicator has been criticized since traditional absorption costing encourages excessive production in order to absorb the fixed overheads into inventory costs.Maximizing capacity utilization is necessary to achieve cost minimization. However, such a policy is short-sighted because any production in excess of market demand must be consigned to inventory and this runs counter to the just-in-time philosophy of maintaining a zer o inventory with all its attendant benefits (Sadhwani, et al, 1985). Variance reports at the manager’s level are also too aggregated for meaningful interpretation. Moreover, the standard cost itself may be perceived the norm eliminating any incentive for product innovation.In this case an unintended signal has been put out which impede efforts to infuse a culture of continuous improvement. Capacity utilization measures productivity improvement, automation and robotics have shrank direct labour cost to only a small fraction of the total manufacturing cost, whereas overheads have increased significantly. Despite these developments and the consequent impact on cost structures, reports from surveys in various countries indicated that companies have not responded in tandem with the technological changes (Schoch, et al. , 1994; Teoh, 1991).This has serious implications for production costing and performance evaluation as the continued focus on direct labour means labour is still co nsidered a major driver of costs when it is no longer relevant. The result is the development of burden rates that are volume-driven, based on a diminished direct labour element. Such a computed burden rate is artificially inflated due to the small direct labour base. Hen applied to an increasing pool of overheads, the incurrence of which may not be totally volume-driven, the labour generated burden rate can lead to serious distortions of the overheads absorbed into production cost.This is because of the unrealistic burden rate used which does not reflect the actual consumption of overheads by different products or processes (Kaplan, 1986). The overhead absorption measure gives rise to a distorted product cost analysis, so â€Å"good’ performance is associated with products apparently showing profitable margins but are actually incurring loses (Beckett & Dang, 1992). Thus an incorrect signal about profitability is receivedEarned hours, as a measure of labour efficiency, is a lso deficient since it provides an erroneous signal to supervisors to maximize earned hours by keeping employees â€Å"gainfully† occupied regardless of market conditions. It would have been more beneficial in the long term to use the time for training or cross training of operators so as to upgrade their skills. The machine utilization rate, as a measure of supervisory performance, also suffers from a number of deficiencies. It encourages the excessive use of machines for large-scale production, resulting in an unwidely accumulation of inventory.Worse still, maximizing the utilization rate encourages continuous machine usage at the expense of regular maintenance. Moreover, the focus on utilization may lead to inadequate emphasis on quality. Short-term Financial Measures: Although achieving profit and an acceptable return on investment are the raison d’etre for a company to stay in business, the traditional focus on these performance measures however encourages manager s to take a myopic view that emphasizes short-term results to the detriment of long-term profitability (Banks & Wheelwright, 1979).This is the â€Å"gaming† effect where management manipulates accounting figures to show favourable results or alternatively, builds in slack to ensure that budget targets (Merchant, 1985) are met. Reliance on short-term financial measures can lead to dysfunctional decisions since these indications fail to signal the erosion of a firm’s value if discretionary expenditures have to be reduced for short-term gains. Such spending is fact essential for new products development production process improvement, worker skills training and upgrading distribution networks and promoting customer awareness (Kaplan, 1986).Furthermore, profit measures represent outcomes that may not fully reflect management’s effort (Drucker, 1964). Stated differently, total performance cannot be completely captured by Naira profits. NEW PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OBJ ECTIVES In the new technological environment, a flexible manufacturing strategy must be implemented that focuses on customer responsiveness, quality, time, innovation and human resources practices. A performance measurement system designed to achieve the traditional objective of cost efficiency will be incongruent with this new strategy.It is necessary to redesign the system so as to reflect this change in strategic objectives. Customer Responsiveness: increasingly, customers demand not only a better service but also a wider variety of products with improved quality and shorter delivery times (Northey, 1991). Customer responsiveness examines a firm’s relative ability to satisfy customers. Therefore, high customer responsiveness translates into greater customer retention, leading to longer-term.Profitability as the costs of acquiring and serving customers come down. Customers’ responsiveness measures therefore must be designed into the performance measure system. These include reporting on the number of customer complaints, warranty claims, and on-time deliveries, among others. As Eccles (1991) put it bluntly â€Å"what you measure is what you get and what you measure gets attention†, indicating that performance measures must be relevant to send the right signals for employees to achieve desired company objectives.For example, a system that evaluates how well customer demands have been satisfied can better support efforts in achieving sustainable competitive advantage than one that emphasizes labour or machinery efficiency in internal operations (Beckette & Dang, 19910, Goldhar & Lei 1991). Quality: Quality measures, which are the most process-oriented evaluations are designed to determine the effectiveness of a series of activities rather than the individual activity. Quality refers to the degree to which a product’s specific features in terms of workmanship; durability and so on satisfy the requirements of a particular customer.Poo r quality can contribute to a significant increase in the manufacturing costs in various ways. As Howell and Soucy (1997) stated: â€Å"The absence of good materials, highly-trained labour, and well-maintained equipment will dramatically increase the costs of non quality such as scrap, rework, excess inventories, process and equipment: breakdowns, field serves, and warranty claims. However, quality is usually difficult to measure because of the broad scope. A contemporary measurement concept that is increasing in interest is â€Å"the perfect order†.Delivery of the perfect order is the ultimate measure of quality operations. The perfect order represents ideal performance from an operational perspective, a multi-industry consortium defines the perfect order as one that meets the complete delivery of all items requested, delivery customer’s request date with one-day tolerance, complete and accurate documentation supporting the order and perfect condition, that is, fault lessly installed, correct configuration, customer-ready with no damage. Operational and financial measurers to monitor quality include the manufacturing quality index (i. . defect rates), inventory levels, warranty claims, vendor quality, cost of quality and scrap cost. All these provide valuable feedback for identifying existing problems and assessing whether the quality objective is adequately meet. Time: Reducing level times is also of the new manufacturing strategy through out, (manufacturing cycle) time measures the amount of time required to convert raw materials into completed products. Cycle time is the total value from the issue of materials into production to the delivery of the final products to customers.The theory is that the cost of a product is related to the time required to produce it. Cycle time variance therefore provides useful information about non-value-adding activities such as moving, inspecting, reworking, storing and waiting, that added to production costs as overhead charges but no value to customers (Alexander et al, 1991). Using throughput and cycle times as performance measures help managers to eliminate these non-value adding activities, considered as waste time, and achieve substantial cost savings.Thus, according to Lippa (1990); Shorter cycle times can result in less finished goods inventory, less forecast reliance, strategic capability when a firm reacts to customer demands faster than the competition and the ability to exploit opportunities). Innovation in today’s competitive environment companies must continuously engage in product improvement be designing new and improved products with unique characteristics valued by customers. Only in this way are companies able to enlarge their market share and maintain a competitive edge.Introducing technological innovation and advanced design features into new products is costly initially and requires operational flexibility; unlike cycle have unique characteristics (Ainikal & Teo, 1992) that will require performance measures tailored for this purpose such as turnover by products and product cost improvement. Human Resources: The benefit of adopting a long-term employment policy is a loyal and committed workforce, resulting in productivity increases, reduced training costs, and improved customer services since this is provided by long-serving, presumably more experienced and better-informed employees.A performance measure such as employee turnover is needed to help management assess an enterprise’s human resource availability and capabilities. It is against this background that the present study has been conducted. In Nigeria, the trend toward high technology manufacturing is a recent event, partly motivated by rising costs and partly encouraged by the Government as a strategy to maintain a sustainable competitive edge. As companies automate or adopt advanced manufacturing technology, complementary changes in performance measurement systems must be implemented to reflect the new manufacturing environment.The following sections presented the results of a recent empirical study CASE STUDY METHOD A questionnaire survey design was employed as an exploratory case study. The sample was drawn from a cross-section of companies in Nigeria that have implemented or are implementing changes in their production processes. Respondents were asked to consider the usefulness of selected performance measures. Usefulness has been operationalized as the frequency of use of each measure. Based on a total of 200 questionnaires distributed, 36 useable replies were received, given a response rate of 18 percent.Response rates of this level were consistent with previous other studies of Ghosen el al, 1992 Petzall el. Al, 1991. Responding companies were classified by size musing sales turnover as the proxy measure, as follows: N20million and below (7. 5%), > N20 million – N100 million (17. 5%) > N100 million (75%). It was not surprising to find a higher percentage of response from the larger companies, because previous studies have found size as important determinant for a company to adopt a flexible manufacturing strategy (Schoch, el. l, 1994). EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows that at least 63 percent of respondents indicated their dissatisfaction with the existing performance measure system. As more and more companies turn to automation or other advanced technology for their manufacturing processes, it is not unexpected that performance measures originally designed for a labour intensive environment will no longer be appropriate.What is noteworthy is that 37 percent of respondents reported that they were either satisfied with the existing system (26%) or not sure see any need for significant changes to the system (11%). Many of such companies are currently going through the different stages of implementing changes to their manufacturing processes. So it may not be surprising that 37 percent continue to rel y on the traditional measures. TABLE 1 OVERALL RESPONSE TO TRADITIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE |FREQUENCY (EXPRESSED AS %) | |Satisfied |26 | |Did not see any significant change needed |11 | |Dissatisfied |63 | |Total |100 | Table 2 presents findings on the usefulness of selected traditional performance measures. These results are consistent with the overall findings above. For example, for five of the eight measures, the percentage of respondents indicating â€Å"useful† is also lower, ranging from 61. 3 percent for standard cost overhead to 41. 4 percent for earned hours, and these correspond to the overall 63 percent who expressed dissatisfaction with traditional measures.As earlier indicated, not all companies have fully automated, so some traditional measures have been regarded as still useful, such as purchase price variance reported by 86. 7 percent. TABLE 2 USEFULNESS OF TRADITIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES | |Useful |Not or Less Useful | |Materials price variance |86. 7% |13. 3% | |Standard cost overhead |61. 3% |38. 7% | |Scrap factor built into standard overhead |51. 6% |48. % | |Labour Reporting |58. 6% |41. 4% | |Earned Hours |41. 4% |58. 6% | |Machine Utilization |78. 8% |21. 2% | |Net Income |85. 7% |14. 3% | |Return on Investment (total assets) |50. 0% |50. % | |Average |64. 1% |35. 9% | The new performance measures presented in Table 3 relate to customer responsiveness, quality, time, innovation and human resources factors, reflecting the strategic objectives of the new manufacturing environment. There is overwhelming evidence that these measurers were found to be â€Å"useful† by most respondents. The overall average of 83. 7 percent compares favourably against the 64. 1 percent for the traditional measures. TABLE 3 USEFULNESS OF NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURE |Useful |Not or Less Useful | |Customer Complaints |88. 6% |11. 4% | |Warranty Claims |75. 8% |24. 2% | |On-time Delivery |93. 9% |6. 1% | |Manufacturing Quality Index |82. 4 % |17. % | |Inventory Levels |88. 9% |11. 1% | |Vendor Quality |84. 8% |15. 2% | |Cost of Quality |84. 4% |15. 6% | | Scrap Naira |85. 7% |14. 3% | |Throughput Time |91. 2% |8. % | |Cycle Time |78. 1% |21. 9% | |Waste Time |72. 7% |27. 3% | |Product Cost Improvement |70. 0% |30. 0% | |Inventory Turnover |88. 2% |11. 8% | |Turnover of Products |78. 8% |21. % | |Employee Turnover |86. 1% |13. 9% | |Average |83. 7% |16. 3% | Cross-tabulation analyses were performed by company size and years of experience in business. Only significant results have been reported in Table 4 and 5. Larger companies found four specific new performance measures more useful than the smaller companies. On-time deliveries (X2 = 7. 92, df = 2, p < . 05); inventory levels (X2 = 5. 98, df = 2, p < . 05); throughput time (X2 = 9. 80, df = 2, p < . 1) and inventory turnover to be the forerunners in implementing technological innovations, and so find new performance measures more appropriate. Smaller companie s tend to lag behind in implementing changes, so adoption of these new measures is not as widespread. In table 5 significant results were found for vendor quality (X2 = 6. 32, df = 2, p < . 05) and throughput time (X2 = 5. 00, df = 2, p < . 10). Companies with 5 years or less in business reported the new measures as useful compared to companies in the other categories, especially in regard to vendor quality longer established companies have developed special relationship with selected vendors and, consequently, vendor quality is no longer of major concern.In contrast, more recently established companies need to identify vendors who can meet the more stringent demands in high-tech manufacturing, such as just-in-time deliveries and supply of quality materials. TABLE 4 CHI-SQUARE TESTS FOR NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURES BY COMPANY SIZE |Company Size |On-time Deliveries |Inventory Levels |Throughput Time |Inventory Turnover | |N20m & below | | | | | |Useful |66. 7% |66. 7% |66. 7% |66. 7% | | Not Useful |33. 3% |33. 3% |33. 3% |33. % | |>N20m-N100m | | | | | |Useful |85. 7% |71. 4% |71. 4% |71. 4% | |Not Useful |14. 3% |28. 6% |28. 6% |28. 6% | |>N100m | | | | | |Useful |100. 0% |96. 7% |75. 0% |96. 7% | |Not Useful |0. % |3. 3% |25. 0% |3. 3% | TABLE 5 CHI-SQUARE TESTS FOR NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURES BY YEARS IN BUSINESS |Years in Business |Vendor Quality |Throughput Time | |5 YEARS | | | |Useful |100. 0% |100. 0% | |Not Useful |0. 0% |0. % | |>5 YEARS – 10 YEARS | | | |Useful |88. 89% |77. 8% | |Not Useful |11. 11% |22. 2% | |>10 YEARS | | | |Useful |60. 0% |100. 0% | |Not Useful |40. 0% |0. 0% | CONCLUSION AND SUMMARYEffective performance measurement and controllership are necessary to locate and monitor resources. As competency becomes a more critical factor in creating and maintaining competitive advantage greater attention must be given to strategic issues concerning customer responsiveness, quality, time, innovation and human resources factors than a cost-mi nimization mass-production strategy, in order that companies can remain competitive. To this end, a performance measurement system capable of meeting these strategic objectives also must be in place. This study reported the findings of a survey on the usefulness of selected traditional and new performance measures used by Nigerian companies that have adopted flexible manufacturing strategy.The results indicated that the majority of these companies considered the new performance measures useful particularly among the larger companies and among those with 5 years or less of business experience. Traditional measures are found to be still useful, though to a smaller extent, as companies are going through a transition of implementing changes to their manufacturing strategies. REFERENCES Alexander, G. , G. Gienger, M. Harwood and P. Santomi (1991). â€Å"The New Revolution in Cost Management, â€Å"Financial Effective, November/December, pp 5-9. Ainikal, J. and H. Y. Teoh (1992),  "Overhead Allocations and Product Life Cycle Emphasis – The New Zealand Situation†, Accounting Journal (NZ), April, pp 69-71.Banks, R. L. and S. C. Wheelwright (1979), â€Å"Operations vs Strategy: Trading Tomorrow for Today†, â€Å"Harvard Business Review, May/June, pp. 112-120. Beckett, W. K. and K. Dang (1992), â€Å"Synchrous Manufacturing: New Method, New Mind-Set† The Journal of Business Strategy, January/February, pp 5-6 Drucker, P. (1964), â€Å" Control, Controls and Management† in C. P. Bonini, R. K. Jaedieke and H. M. Wagner, Management Controls: New Directions in Basic Research: McGraw. Dunk, A. (1989), â€Å" Management Accounting Lag†, Abacus, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 149-155. Eccles, R. (1991), â€Å"The Performance Manifesto†, Harvard Business Review, January/February, pp. 11-17. Ghosh, B. C. S. K. Teo and A. M. Low (1992), â€Å"Factors Contributing to the Success of Local SMEs – An Insight from Singapore†, Pr oceedings of ENDEC World Conference on Entrepreneurship; Challenges for the 21st Century, pp. 574-585 Goldhar, J. D. & D. Lei (1991), â€Å"The Shape of Twenty-Frist Century Global Manufacturing†, The Journal of Business Strategy, March/April, pp. 1-41. Hall, W. K. (1980), â€Å"Survival Strategies in Hostile Environment†, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 75-85. Howell, R. A. and S. R. Soucy (1987), â€Å"Operating Controls in the New Manufacturing Environment†, Manufacturing Accounting (USA), October, pp. 25-31. Kaplan, R. S. (1986). Accounting Lag: The Obsolescence of Cost Accounting System†, California Management Review, Winter, pp. 174-199. Lippa, V. (1990), â€Å"Measuring Performance with Synchrous Management†, Management Accounting (USA), February, pp. 54-59. Merchant, K. (1985), â€Å"Budgeting and the Propensity to Create Budgetary Slack†, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 10, pp. 201-210. Nemetz, P. L. and L. W . Fry (1988), â€Å"Flexible Manufacturing Organizations; Implications for Strategy Formulation and Organization Design†, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 627-638. Northey, P. (1991), â€Å"Cut Total Costs with Cycle Time Reduction†, CMA Magazine, February, pp. 19-22 Petzall, S. , S. K. Teoh and R. D.Johnson (1992), â€Å"Leadership in the Singapore Small Business†, Proceedings of ENDEC Conference on World Entrepreneurship: Challenges for the 21st Century, pp. 143-151. Sadhwani, A. T. M. H. Sarhan and D. Kiringode (1985), â€Å"Just-in-time: An Inventory System Whose Time Has Come†, Management Accounting (USA), December, pp. 36-44. Schoch, H. P. H. Y. Teoh, M. H. Lee and K. B. Ang (1994), â€Å"Activity-Based Costing in the Electronics Industry†, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, January- March, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 28-37. Teoh, H. Y. (1991), â€Å"Discretionary or Non-Discretionary Costs: Managing ‘Ballooningâ₠¬â„¢ Indirect Costs in a Profitable Manner†, 7th National Accounting Conference, Kuala Lumpur, September, pp. 18-19.

Goss V Lopez Brief

i. Case Citation Goss v. Lopez, 419 U. S. 565 (1975) ii. Facts Public school students from Columbus, Ohio brought this suit. They claimed that their constitutional right to due process was violated. The students were suspended without hearing prior to their suspension. They were suspended for destroying school property but principals can only suspend up to 10 days or expel them. If suspended they must notify parents without 24 hours and give the reasons. Students may appeal to the board of education. iii. Primary Issue Can students be suspended without due process? No iv. Decision or conclusion of the courtGoss established that due process is required when a student is suspended. It also established that you can’t suspend a student for more than 10 days and you have to notify the parent. Due process will be required depending on the severity of the consequences of the students. When it is a longer and severe case you usually are required witnesses. v. Reasoning Under Ohio law you have a right to public education. School has the authority to establish code of conducts however; authority is subject to constitutional limits. Students have a right to education under the Fourteenth amendment.The court reasoned â€Å"Having chosen to extend the right to an education to people of appellate class generally, Ohio may not withdraw that right on grounds of misconduct, absent fundamentally fair procedures to determine whether the misconduct has occurred, and must recognize a student's legitimate entitlement to a public education as a property interest that is protected by the Due Process Clause, and that may not be taken away for misconduct without observing minimum procedures required by that Clause. † Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Goss_v. _Lopez

Korean pollution essays

Korean pollution essays Deadly particles are circulating within our air supply. They are the most life threatening for of air pollution. These are tiny particles of soot and other matter released from diesel engines in lorries, buses, and coaches. They are believed to have played a role in the premature deaths of 8,000 people. Other pollutants known as GMMs are causing such damage. GMMs are genetically modified micro-organisms. These micro-organisms are released from factories and laboratories and go into the atmosphere, and water supplies. They are most life threatening to elderly, and already ill people. (McCarthy 1) Large clouds of these particles were originally believed to originate in Britain, but studies show now that they may also originate in continental Europe. These large clouds drift across the English Channel, and into the North Sea., thus contaminating the sea. Some of the main pollutants are as follows: Benzene, 1,2-butadiene, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. There have been different goals set to lower the amount of these pollutants, however some arent expected to be decreased until 2008. In this time many lives may be lost prematurely. England, who is still believed to be the primary contributor of such toxins is planning to take action, but slowly, still maintaining that cleaning these pollutants is unachievable, even if every engine on British roads was turned off. We believe that this is more harmful than Britain realizes, and more action must be taken. Such pollutants may kill animals, and lower the food supply, especially fish in the North Sea. More time and money must be dedicated to the immediate removal of such contaminants, and new emissions standards should be set. We would like the UN to set aside money, for the sole purpose of cleaning up the North Sea, and eliminating some of these GMMs and other such toxins. Such damage to ...

A Guide to the History of Mongooses

A Guide to the History of Mongooses Mongooses are members of the Herpestidae family, and they are small carnivorous mammals with 34 separate species found in about 20 genera. As adults, they range in size from 1-6 kilograms (2 to 13 pounds) in weight, and their body lengths range between 23-75 centimeters (9 to 30 inches). They are primarily African in origin, although one genus is widespread throughout Asia and southern Europe, and several genera are found only on Madagascar. Recent research on domestication issues (in the English language academic press, anyway), has principally focused on the Egyptian or white-tailed mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon). The Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) is a medium-sized mongoose, adults weighing about 2-4 kg (4-8 lb.), with a slender body, about 50-60 cm (9-24 in) long, and a tail about 45-60 cm (20-24 in) long. The fur is grizzled gray, with a markedly darker head and lower limbs. It has small, rounded ears, a pointed muzzle, and a tasseled tail. The mongoose has a generalized diet that includes small to medium-sized invertebrates such as rabbits, rodents, birds, and reptiles, and they have no objections to eating the carrion of larger mammals. Its modern distribution is all over Africa, in the Levant from the Sinai peninsula to southern Turkey and in Europe in the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula. Mongooses and Human Beings The earliest Egyptian mongoose found at archaeological sites occupied by humans or our ancestors is at Laetoli, in Tanzania. H. ichneumon remains have also been recovered at several South African Middle Stone Age sites such as Klasies River, Nelson Bay, and Elandsfontein. In the Levant, it has been recovered from Natufian (12,500-10,200 BP) sites of el-Wad and Mount Carmel. In Africa, H. ichneumon has been identified in Holocene sites and in the early Neolithic site of Nabta Playa (11-9,000 cal BP) in Egypt. Other mongooses, specifically the Indian gray mongoose, H. edwardsi, are known from Chalcolithic sites in India (2600-1500 BC). A small H. edwardsii was recovered from the Harrappan civilization site of Lothal, ca 2300-1750 BC; mongooses appear in sculptures and associated with specific deities in both Indian and Egyptian cultures. None of these appearances necessarily represent domesticate animals. Domesticated Mongooses In fact, mongooses dont seem to have ever been domesticated in the true sense of the word. They dont require feeding: like cats, they are hunters and can get their own dinners. Like cats, they can mate with their wild cousins; like cats, given the opportunity, mongooses will return to the wild. There are no physical changes in mongooses over time which suggest some domestication process at work. But, also like cats, Egyptian mongooses can make great pets  if you catch them at an early age; and, also like cats, they are good at keeping the vermin down to a minimum: a useful trait for humans to exploit. The relationship between mongooses and people seems to have taken at least a step towards domestication in the New Kingdom of Egypt (1539-1075 BC). New Kingdom mummies of Egyptian mongooses were found at the 20th dynasty site of Bubastis, and in Roman period Dendereh and Abydos. In his Natural History written in the first century AD, Pliny the elder reported on a mongoose he saw in Egypt. It was almost certainly the expansion of the Islamic civilization that brought the Egyptian mongoose into southwestern Iberian peninsula, likely during the Umayyad dynasty (AD 661-750). Archaeological evidence indicates that prior to the eighth century AD, no mongooses were to be found in Europe more recently than the Pliocene. Early Specimens of Egyptian Mongoose in Europe One nearly complete H. ichneumon was found in the Cave of Nerja, Portugal. Nerja has several millennia of occupations, including an Islamic period occupation. The skull was recovered from the Las Fantasmas room in 1959, and although the cultural deposits in this room date to the latter Chalcolithic, AMS radiocarbon dates indicate that the animal went into the cave between the 6th and 8th centuries (885-40 RCYBP) and was trapped. An earlier discovery was four bones (cranium, pelvis and two complete right ulnae) recovered from the Muge Mesolithic period shell middens of central Portugal. Although Muge itself is securely dated to between 8000 AD 7600 cal BP, the mongoose bones themselves date to 780-970 cal AD, indicating that it too burrowed into early deposits where it died. Both of these discoveries support the intimation that Egyptian mongooses were brought into southwestern Iberia during the expansion of the Islamic civilization of the 6th-8th centuries AD, likely the Ummayad emirate of Cordoba, 756-929 AD. Sources Detry C, Bicho N, Fernandes H, and Fernandes C. 2011.  The Emirate of Cà ³rdoba (756–929 AD) and the introduction of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Iberia: the remains from Muge, Portugal.  Journal of Archaeological Science  38(12):3518-3523.Encyclopedia of Life.  Herpestes. Accessed January 22, 2012Gaubert P, Machordom A, Morales A, Là ³pez-Bao JV, Veron G, Amin M, Barros T,  Basuony  M, Djagoun CAMS, San EDL et al. 2011.  Comparative phylogeography of two African carnivorans presumably introduced into Europe: disentangling natural versus human-mediated dispersal across the Strait of Gibraltar.  Journal of Biogeography  38(2):341-358.Palomares F, and Delibes M. 1993.  Social organization in the Egyptian mongoose: group size, spatial behaviour and inter-individual contacts in adults.  Animal Behaviour  45(5):917-925.Myers, P. 2000. Herpestidae (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed January 22, 2012 http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich. edu/site/accounts/information/Herpestidae.html.Riquelme-Cantala JA, Simà ³n-Vallejo MD, Palmqvist P, and Cortà ©s-Snchez M. 2008.  The oldest mongoose of Europe.  Journal of Archaeological Science 35(9):2471-2473. Ritchie EG, and Johnson CN. 2009.  Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation.  Ecology Letters 12(9):982-998.Sarmento P, Cruz J, Eira C, and Fonseca C. 2011.  Modeling the occupancy of sympatric carnivorans in a Mediterranean ecosystem.  European Journal of Wildlife Research  57(1):119-131.van der Geer, A. 2008  Animals in Stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time.  Brill: Leiden.